эмоционально-экспрессивно-оценочных и функциональных, которые являются

составными стилистического компонента.

Отсюда следует, что

Стилистический компонент - это стилистическая структура слова,

представляющая собой совокупность окрасок разных видов и типов

(эмоционально-экспрессивно-оценочный и функциональный типы), несущие

дополнительную информацию к денотативному компоненту слова и указывающие на

сферу, функцию, ситуативное и территориальное употребление конкретной

лексической единицы.(Б.Н.)

Стилистический компонент слова является сущностной характеристикой

практически всех слов (т.к. семантическая коннотация присутствует, а она уже

входит в структуру стилистического компонента), это довольно широкое понятие,

Все стилистические окраски и информация, заключенные в стилистическом

компоненте слова, отражается в словарях при помощи соответствуюших маркеров

(помет, labels).

Маркированность (от фр. marquer - отмечать) - отмеченность, оформленность,

выраженность. На стилистическую маркированность (т.е. наличие у слова

определенной стилистической окраски) в словарях разных типов указывают такие

пометы как:

разговорные, просторечные, книжн.,офиц., офиц-делов., высокое

традиционно-поэтич., народно-поэтич.

lovely - infml, becoming rare - разг.

granny - infml - разг.

parky - BrE, infml - разг.

Эмотивная коннотация может в словарях указываться при помощи таких помет как:

шутл., бран., иронич., почтит. и т.п.

nigger - taboo derog

petite - apprec

bibulous - humor or pomp

При этом не следует забывать, что эмотивная коннотация входит в

стилистический компонент слова, следовательно, слова с такими пометами будут

стилистически маркированными.

Оба типа помет в совокупности отражают стилистический компонент.

В следующих параграфах мы рассмотрим стилистические маркеры (маркированность

стилистического компонента) в словарях разного типа, а также рассмотрим

разнообразие стилистического маркирования в словаре английского языка и

in Dictionaries by means of stylistical natations (labels). It would be

interesting to follow how the dictionaries of different types treat the

stylistic notations.

To have a good idea of such a treatment we have analysed six dictionaries:

three of which are English-English Dictionaries & the other three are

bilingual English-Russian dictionaries.

Stylistic notation depends on which stylistic layer of the language this or

that word belongs to. This is why it is necessary to give a view of stylistic

layers in the English Language and the stylistic notations in juxtaposition

with layers made by Galperin I.R. 1977); & than to analyse how the

dictionaries (used in the diploma paper - see Bibliography) use the stylistic

notations to denote stylistic overtones, stylistic characterization of the word

according to the classification suggested by Galperin I .R.

Some lexicographers have a view that stylistic notations are important for

defining dictionaries only & are of little value in bilingual

dictionaries, where the translation must reflect the peculiarities of the word

. But this point of view is rather questionable, because experience proves

otherwise.

A great number of errors is made by the user, whose knowledge of the language

is inadequate, when using stylistically coloured words, very often the user

misunderstands the mo tivation behind the use of stylistic overtones. It is

quite natural to affirm, that both Russian and English users should be made

aware of stylistic peculiarities of each word, and the more detailed such

information is the more useful the dictionary will be.

A stylistic classification of the notations represented in the ERD by

Galperin seems to reflect to a great extend the mobility of the lexical system

so characteristic of the English language at its present stage of development

The vocabulary has been divided into two ba sic groups: standard and

non-standard vocabulary . The standard vocabulary of Modem English falls into

three large layers

1. neutral vocabulary

2. literal vocabulary of a general ch aracter

3. colloquial vocabulary of a general character

All words with the exception of the neutral vocabulary are lab eled (though

as it wa s considered in the previous part the stylistic component can be

1. Special literary-bookish words which are labeled in the dictionaries;

poetical words

poet bibl pomp emph rhеt миф библ возвыш ритор archaic words

obs arch old use old-fash уст ист nonce words

2 Common literary vocabulary - fml lit

terms

tdmk tech chem bacterial etnol спец тех

foreignisms (barbarisms) Fr It Germ фр ит.

3. Common colloquial vocabulary infml paзг

This three belong to the Standard English Vocabulary.

4. Special colloquial vocabulary (non-literal) belongs to the non -standard

English vocabulary and fall s into subgroups:

Professionalisms naut med спорт.

Slang sl.

Dialectical words dial прост.

marked fml lit may be found bordering on neutral vocabulary or lying

so far from the neutral layer as to be quite incomprehensible to the average

reader. The same is true of words marked infml which may either pass

into the neutral layer or linger on the fringe of the non-literary layer of the

vocabulary.

The notation sl (slang) is mainly used in the English-English dictionaries (

in English and American dictionaries) & label the words according

to their character & the way they function, in the bilingual

dictionaries this label is rarely used, because of its ill-defined &

uncertain definition (meaning & understanding of the term).

It is necessary to mention other stylistic notations which are used to

identify the emotional meanings of the words rather than usage. These are:

эмоц-усил (emotional-intensive), ирон (ironical), усил. (intensive), шут.

(jocular), презр. (contemptuous), груб. (vulgar or law),paзг- груб (low

colloquial), humor, derog., вежл ,ласк.

The words labeled фр, лат, AustrE, Germ, Fr are used to

indicate that the word has not lost its foreign aspect or that its use is

geographically limited.

The conclusion comes that bilingual as well as explanatory dictionaries

should not only give definitions of words but should indicate their usage,

emotional meanings & geographical limits.

But at the same time it should be mentioned that though practically in all

the dictionaries the stylistical notations (labels) are presented according to

the layers existed in the language, the treatment of the stylistic notations by

the authors of the dictionaries differs. There is no single system of labels

that would satisfy all the dictionaries & the analyses of the stylistic

notations in the six dictionaries confirm it. (Appendix VII)

As it was considered already the LERD gives the styligtical notations

(labels) according to the stylistic classification of the word -stock of the

English Language. The ERD doesn't give any classification of the labels that

are used in it And ER&RED doesn't give any classification of the labels

either, All the English-English Dictionaries give the kinds of classifications

of stylistical notation according to the author's treatment this stylistical

phenomena.

LDELC represents the types of labels used in it in the following groups.

(Apendix I)

1 . Labels showing region, denoting words which are limited to particular

parts of the world.

ВrЕ.AmE СапЕ CarE IrE AustrE SafrE IndE&ParE NZE ScotE.

Here belong labels that denote words borrowed from other languages

(barbarisms, foreignisms): .

Fr Germ Jf Lat Sp

2. Labels showing special fields or subjects, denoting words that are used

in certain fields of activity or certain types of writing ,

bibl — used mainly in the Bible

law — legal term—used in contracts, courts of law

lit - used mainly in literature

med - medical term used by doctors, nurses etc.

naut - nautical term - used by sailors

poet - used mainly in poetry

tech — technical term - used by specialists in various fields

As we can see the labels of this group include common literary vocabulary

(terms) & special literal vocabulary ( Poetical words).

3. Labels showing situations in which words are used, denoting words which

would only be suitable in certain types of situation. infml

fml sl.

These labels deal with common literary vocabulary & common colloquial

vocabulary, & with a particular group of words which is

considered to be slang & which is difficult to juxtapose with any

layer of the English Language because of the uncertain definition of the term

slang , LDELC suggests the following definition:

SLANG - very informal, rarely used in

writing , used especially in the private language of particular social groups.

Though we may consider slang as a layer of nonstandard (special

colloquial vocabulary - non-literary) close to jargonisms &

vulgarisms, professionalisms. Judging by Galperin's point of view this type is

typical more of the English Language.

4. Labels showing time, denoting words which are no longer used in modem

English (though they will be found in old books) & some of the

words beginning to be used less often.

old-fash - no longer common , used mainly by older people

old use — no longer u sed

rare or becoming rare — rarely used, or beginning to be used less

often . This group of labels serve special literary vocabulary (mainly archaic)

5 . Labels showing attitude

apprec. - shows that the speaker likes or approves of something

derog — derogatory — shows that the speaker dislikes or disapproves

of something

euph - euphemistic - a polite or indirect word for something

unpleasant or embarrassing

humor — shows a joking or ironic attitude

pomp - shows a foolishy self-important attitude

These labels mainly serve to identify positive or negative connotation of the

word, that is why we may suppose that all these labels can be found both in

common literary & common colloquial vocabularies, as well as in the group

of nonstandard words.

6. Labels showing limitations on use

dial — a word belonging to the local speech of a particular area

nonstandard — a word regarded as incorrect by most educated speakers

taboo — a very offensive word which should always be avoided

tdmk - a trademark, whose use is officially controlled

These labels serve mainly special colloquial vocabulary the label

nonstandard differs from the notion that the layer nonstandard has, because

both dial and taboo belong to nonstandard, though from the

other hand, from the educated point of view of the words with labels taboo

& dial. may be regarded as incorrect. The label tdmk may be treated as a

special term & thus may belong to common literary vocabulary. As

the analyses shows the classification of the labels accepted in this dictionary

is not exact and needs more consideration, though the labels themselves are

quite suitable to show stytistical characterization & stylistical

overtones.The variety of labels used in LDELC we shall consider farther in the

Страницы: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13