British Monarchy and its influence upon governmental institutions
British Monarchy and its influence upon governmental institutions
The Institute of Ecology,
Linguistics and Low
Degree work
«BRITISH
MONARCHY
AND ITS
INFLUENCE
UPON
GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS»
Dunaeva Nina
Moscow, 2003
Contents
Part One
INTRODUCTION
The
United kingdom of Great Britain and Nothern Ireland................... 4
Direct
meaning of the word «monarchy»............................................... 6
The
British constitutional monarchy...................................................... 7
Part Two
HISTORY OF THE
MONARCHY
Kings and Queens of England................................................................. 9
The Anglo-Saxon Kings.......................................................................... 9
The Normans.......................................................................................... 23
The Angevins......................................................................................... 30
The Plantagenets.................................................................................... 33
The Lancastrians.................................................................................... 42
The Yorkists........................................................................................... 46
The Tudors............................................................................................. 48
The Stuarts............................................................................................. 58
The
Commonwealth Interregnum.................................................. 63
The Hanoverians.................................................................................... 75
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha............................................................................... 85
The House of Windsor.......................................................................... 87
Part Three
THE MONARCHY TODAY
The
Queen’s role................................................................................... 91
Queen’s
role in the modern State.......................................................... 91
Queen
and Commonwealth................................................................... 91
Royal
visits............................................................................................ 92
The
Queen’s working day...................................................................... 92
Ceremonies
and pageantry..................................................................... 92
The
Queen’s ceremonial duties............................................................. 93
Royal
pageantry and traditions.............................................................. 93
Royal
succession................................................................................... 93
The
Royal Household............................................................................ 93
Royal
Household departments.............................................................. 94
Recruitment........................................................................................... 94
Anniversaries......................................................................................... 95
Royal
finances........................................................................................ 95
Head
of State expenditure 2000-01...................................................... 95
Sources
of funding................................................................................ 96
Financial
arrangements of The Prince of Wales.................................. 96
Finances
of the other members of the Royal Family........................... 96
Taxation................................................................................................. 97
Royal
assets............................................................................................ 97
Symbols.................................................................................................. 98
National
anthem..................................................................................... 98
Royal
Warrants...................................................................................... 99
Bank
notes and coinage....................................................................... 100
Stamps.................................................................................................. 102
Coats
of Arms...................................................................................... 103
Great
Seal............................................................................................. 104
Flags..................................................................................................... 105
Crowns
and jewels.............................................................................. 105
Transport.............................................................................................. 105
Cars...................................................................................................... 106
Carriages.............................................................................................. 107
The
Royal Train................................................................................... 108
Royal
air travel.................................................................................... 109
Part Four
THE ROYAL FAMILY
Members
of the Royal Family............................................................ 111
HM
The Queen.................................................................................... 111
HRH
The Duke of Edinburgh............................................................. 111
HRH
The Prince of Wales and family................................................ 112
HRH
The Duke of York...................................................................... 112
TRH
The Earl and Countess of Wessex............................................. 112
HRH
Princess Royal........................................................................... 112
HRH
Princess Alice............................................................................ 113
TRH
The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester....................................... 113
TRH
The Duke and Duchess of Kent................................................. 113
TRH
Prince and Princess Michael of Kent........................................ 114
HRH
Princess Alexandra.................................................................... 114
Memorial
Plaque
HM
Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother................................. 115
HRH
The Princess Margaret..................................................... 115
Diana,
Princess of Wales........................................................... 115
Part Five
ART AND RESIDENCES
The
Royal Collection.......................................................................... 116
About
the Royal Collection................................................................ 116
The
Royal Collection Trust................................................................ 117
Royal
Collection Enterprises.............................................................. 117
Publishing............................................................................................ 118
Royal
Residences................................................................................. 118
Royal
Collection Galleries................................................................. 118
Loans.................................................................................................... 119
The
Royal Residences......................................................................... 119
About
the Royal Residences............................................................... 119
Buckingham
Palace............................................................................. 120
The
Queen’s Gallery, Buckingham Palace......................................... 120
The
Royal Mews.................................................................................. 121
Windsor
Castle.................................................................................... 121
Frogmore............................................................................................. 122
The
Palace of Holyroodhouse............................................................ 122
Balmoral
Castle................................................................................... 123
Sandringham
House............................................................................ 123
St
James’s Palace................................................................................. 124
Kensington
Palace............................................................................... 124
Historic
residences.............................................................................. 124
Bibliography................................................................................. 126
UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
Sovereign: Queen Elizabeth II (1952)
Government:
The United Kingdom is a
constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a queen and a
Parliament that has two houses: the House of Lords, with 574 life peers, 92
hereditary peers, 26 bishops, and the House of Commons, which has 651 popularly
elected members. Supreme legislative power is vested in Parliament, which sits
for five years unless sooner dissolved. The House of Lords was stripped of most
of its power in 1911, and now its main function is to revise legislation. In
Nov. 1999 hundreds of hereditary peers were expelled in an effort to make the
body more democratic. The executive power of the Crown is exercised by the
cabinet, headed by the prime minister.
Prime
Minister: Tony Blair (1997)
Area: 94,525 sq mi (244,820 sq km)
Population
(2003 est.): 60,094,648 (growth rate:
0.1%); birth rate: 11.0/1000; infant mortality rate: 5.3/1000; density per sq
mi: 636
Capital and largest city (2000 est.):
London, 11,800,000 (metro. area)
Other
large cities: Birmingham, 1,009,100;
Leeds, 721,800; Glasgow, 681,470; Liverpool, 479,000; Bradford, 477,500;
Edinburgh, 441,620; Manchester, 434,600; Bristol, 396,600
Monetary
unit: Pound sterling (£)
Languages: English, Welsh, Scots Gaelic
Ethnicity/race: English 81.5%; Scottish
9.6%; Irish 2.4%; Welsh 1.9%; Ulster 1.8%; West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and
other 2.8%
Religions: Church of England
(established church), Church of Wales (disestablished), Church of Scotland
(established church—Presbyterian), Church of Ireland (disestablished), Roman
Catholic, Methodist, Congregational, Baptist, Jewish
Literacy
rate: 99% (1978)
Economic
summary: GDP/PPP (2000 est.):
$1.36 trillion; per capita $22,800. Real growth rate: 3%. Inflation: 2.4%.
Unemployment: 5.5%. Arable land: 25%. Agriculture: cereals,
oilseed, potatoes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, poultry; fish. Labor force: 29.2
million (1999); agriculture 1%, industry 19%, services 80% (1996 est.). Industries:
machine tools, electric power equipment, automation equipment, railroad
equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and
communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and paper
products, food processing, textiles, clothing, and other consumer goods. Natural
resources: coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt,
clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silica, arable land. Exports: $282 billion
(f.o.b., 2000): manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals; food, beverages, tobacco.
Imports: $324 billion (f.o.b., 2000): manufactured goods, machinery,
fuels; foodstuffs. Major trading partners: EU, U.S., Japan.
Communications:
Telephones: main lines in use: 34.878
million (1997); mobile cellular: 13 million (yearend 1998). Radio broadcast
stations: AM 219, FM 431, shortwave 3 (1998). Radios: 84.5 million
(1997). Television broadcast stations: 228 (plus 3,523 repeaters)
(1995). Televisions: 30.5 million (1997). Internet Service Providers
(ISPs): 245 (2000). Internet users: 19.47 million (2000).
Transportation:
Railways: total: 16,878 km (1996). Highways:
total: 371,603 km; paved: 371,603 km (including 3,303 km of expressways);
unpaved: 0 km (1998 est.). Waterways: 3,200 km. Ports and harbors: Aberdeen,
Belfast, Bristol, Cardiff, Dover, Falmouth, Felixstowe, Glasgow, Grangemouth,
Hull, Leith, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Peterhead, Plymouth, Portsmouth,
Scapa Flow, Southampton, Sullom Voe, Tees, Tyne. Airports: 489 (2000
est.).
International
disputes: Northern Ireland issue with
Ireland (historic peace agreement signed 10 April 1998); Gibraltar issue with
Spain; Argentina claims Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Mauritius and the Seychelles
claim Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory);
Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark and Iceland; territorial
claim in Antarctica (British Antarctic Territory) overlaps Argentine claim and
partially overlaps Chilean claim; disputes with Iceland, Denmark, and Ireland
over the Faroe Islands continental shelf boundary outside 200 NM.
DIRECT MEANING OF THE WORD «MONARCHY»
Monarchy,
form of government in which sovereignty is vested in a single person whose
right to rule is generally hereditary and who is empowered to remain in office
for life. The power of this sovereign may vary from the absolute to that
strongly limited by custom or constitution. Monarchy has existed since the
earliest history of humankind and was often established during periods of
external threat or internal crisis because it provided a more efficient focus
of power than aristocracy or democracy, which
tended to diffuse power. Most monarchies appear to have been elective
originally, but dynasties early became customary. In primitive times, divine
descent of the monarch was often claimed. Deification was general in ancient
Egypt, the Middle East, and Asia, and it was also practiced during certain
periods in ancient Greece and Rome. A more moderate belief arose in Christian
Europe in the Middle Ages; it stated that the monarch was the appointed agent
of divine will. This was symbolized by the coronation of the king
by a bishop or the pope, as in the Holy Roman Empire. Although theoretically at
the apex of feudal power, the medieval monarchs were in fact weak and dependent
upon the nobility for much of their power. During the Renaissance and after,
there emerged “new monarchs” who broke the power of the nobility and
centralized the state under their own rigid rule. Notable examples are Henry
VII and Henry VIII of England and Louis XIV of France. The 16th and 17th cent.
mark the height of absolute monarchy, which found its theoretical justification
in the doctrine of divine right. However,
even the powerful monarchs of the 17th cent. were somewhat limited by custom
and constitution as well as by the delegation of powers to strong
bureaucracies. Such limitations were also felt by the “benevolent despots” of
the 18th cent. Changes in intellectual climate, in the demands made upon
government in a secular and commercially expanding society, and in the social
structure, as the bourgeoisie became
increasingly powerful, eventually weakened the institution of monarchy in
Europe. The Glorious Revolution in England (1688) and the French Revolution
(1789) were important landmarks in the decline and limitation of monarchical
power. Throughout the 19th cent. Royal power was increasingly reduced by
constitutional provisions and parliamentary incursions. In the 20th cent.,
monarchs have generally become symbols of national unity, while real power has
been transferred to constitutional assemblies. Over the past 200 years
democratic self-government has been established and extended to such an extent
that a true functioning monarchy is a rare occurrence in both East and West.
Among the few remaining are Brunei, Morocco, and Saudi Arabia. Notable
constitutional monarchies include Belgium, Denmark, Great Britain, Japan, the
Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Thailand.
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