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Меню

Механические свойства элементов Периодической системы Менделеева бесплатно рефераты

Compressive Yield Strength 2,14 MPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,4498

Shear Modulus 5 GPa Calculated

Tin

Hardness, Brinell 3,9

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 220 MPa

Modulus of Elasticity 41,4 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,33

Shear Modulus 18 GPa Calculated

Antimony

Hardness, Brinell 30–58

Hardness, Vickers 30–60

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 11,4 MPa

Modulus of Elasticity 77,759 GPa

Shear Modulus 19 GPa

Tellurium

Hardness, Brinell 25

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 11 MPa

Modulus of Elasticity 40 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,33

Shear Modulus 15,16 GPa

Cesium

Bulk Modulus 1,57 GPa

Barium

Modulus of Elasticity 12,8 GPa

Bulk Modulus 10,2 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,28

Shear Modulus 6 GPa Calculated

Lanthanum

Hardness, Vickers 28

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 130 MPa

Tensile Strength, Yield 125 MPa

Elongation at Break 7,9%

Modulus of Elasticity 36,6 GPa in tension

Bulk Modulus 27,9 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,28

Shear Modulus 14,3 GPa

Cerium

Hardness, Vickers 24

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 100 MPa

Tensile Strength, Yield 91 MPa

Modulus of Elasticity 41,4 GPa

Bulk Modulus 21,5 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,248

Shear Modulus 13,5 GPa

Praseodymium

Hardness, Vickers 20

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 110 MPa

Tensile Strength, Yield 100 MPa

Elongation at Break 15%

Modulus of Elasticity 37,3 GPa in tension

Bulk Modulus 28,8 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,281

Shear Modulus 14,8 GPa

Neodymium

Hardness, Vickers 18

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 170 MPa

Tensile Strength, Yield 165 MPa

Elongation at Break 25%

Modulus of Elasticity 41,4 GPa

Bulk Modulus 31,8 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,281

Shear Modulus 16,3 GPa

Promethium

Hardness, Knoop 63

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 160 MPa

Tensile Strength, Yield 70 MPa

Elongation at Break 25%

Modulus of Elasticity 50 GPa (tension)

Bulk Modulus 33 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,28

Shear Modulus 18 GPa

Samarium

Hardness, Vickers 39

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 120–156 MPa different sources report in this

range

Tensile Strength, Yield 68–112 MPa

Elongation at Break 17%

Modulus of Elasticity 49,7 GPa in tension

Bulk Modulus 37,8 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,274

Shear Modulus 19,5 GPa

Europium

Hardness, Vickers 17

Modulus of Elasticity 18,2 GPa in tension

Bulk Modulus 8,3 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,152

Shear Modulus 7,9 GPa

Gadolinium

Hardness, Vickers 37 polycrystalline

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 190 MPa

Tensile Strength, Yield 173 MPa

Elongation at Break 37%

Modulus of Elasticity 54,8 GPa in tension

Bulk Modulus 37,9 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,259

Shear Modulus 24 GPa Calculated

Terbium

Hardness, Vickers 38 polycrystalline

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 140 MPa

Tensile Strength, Yield 60 MPa

Elongation at Break 12%

Modulus of Elasticity 55,7 GPa in tension

Bulk Modulus 38,7 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,26 Calculated

Shear Modulus 22,1 GPa

Dysprosium

Hardness, Vickers 44

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 246 MPa

Tensile Strength, Yield 225 MPa

Elongation at Break 30%

Modulus of Elasticity 61,4 GPa in tension

Bulk Modulus 40,5 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,237

Shear Modulus 24,7 GPa

Holmium

Hardness, Vickers 46

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 259 MPa

Tensile Strength, Yield 221 MPa

Modulus of Elasticity 64,8 GPa in tension

Bulk Modulus 40,2 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,231

Shear Modulus 26,3 GPa

Erbium

Hardness, Vickers 42

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 136 MPa

Tensile Strength, Yield 60 MPa

Elongation at Break 11,5%

Reduction of Area 11,9%

Modulus of Elasticity 69,9 GPa in tension

Bulk Modulus 44,4 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,237

Shear Modulus 28,3 GPa

Thulium

Hardness, Vickers 48

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 140 MPa

Tensile Strength, Yield 60 MPa

Elongation at Break 12%

Modulus of Elasticity 74 GPain tension

Bulk Modulus 44,5 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,213

Shear Modulus 30,5 GPa

Ytterbium

Hardness, Vickers 17

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 72 MPa

Tensile Strength, Yield 66 MPa

Elongation at Break 43%

Modulus of Elasticity 23,7 GPa in tension

Bulk Modulus 30,5 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,207

Shear Modulus 9,9 GPa

Lutetium

Hardness, Vickers 44

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 140 MPa

Tensile Strength, Yield 60 MPa

Elongation at Break 12%

Modulus of Elasticity 68,6 GPa in tension

Bulk Modulus 47,6 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,261

Shear Modulus 27,2 GPa

Hafnium (Rod)

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 485 MPa

Tensile Strength, Yield 240 MPa

Elongation at Break 25%

Hafnium (Plate)

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 450 MPa Longitudinal

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 470 MPa Transverse

Tensile Strength, Yield 195 MPa Longitudinal

Tensile Strength, Yield 310 MPa Transverse

Elongation at Break 25% Longitudinal or Transverse

Hafnium (Strip)

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 450 MPa Longitudinal or Transverse

Tensile Strength, Yield 170 MPa Longitudinal

Tensile Strength, Yield 275 MPa Transverse

Elongation at Break 30% Longitudinal or Transverse

Tantalum (Annealed)

Hardness, Brinell 95 Converted from Vickers for 3000 kg load/10 mm ball

Brinell test

Hardness, Rockwell A 35 Converted from Vickers

Hardness, Rockwell B 51 Converted from Vickers

Hardness, Vickers 100

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 450 MPa

Modulus of Elasticity 186 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,35

Fatigue Strength 230 MPa 50,000,000 cycles, E-beam melted sample; rotating

beam test,

Shear Modulus 69 GPa

Tantalum (Cold Worked)

Hardness, Brinell 195 Converted from Vickers for 3000 kg load/10 mm ball

Brinell test

Hardness, Rockwell A 56 Converted from Vickers

Hardness, Rockwell B 92 Converted from Vickers

Hardness, Rockwell C 12 Converted from Vickers

Hardness, Vickers 200

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 900 MPa

Tungsten

Hardness, Brinell 294 Estimated from Vickers

Hardness, Knoop 318 Estimated from Vickers

Hardness, Rockwell A 66 Estimated from Vickers

Hardness, Rockwell C 31 Estimated from Vickers

Hardness, Vickers 310

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 980 MPa

Tensile Strength, Yield 750 MPa 0,2% Offset

Modulus of Elasticity 400 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,28

Shear Modulus 175 GPa Calculated

Shear Strength 400 MPa Average value for W blanks

Tungsten (drawn wire)

Hardness, Brinell 444 Converted from Vickers for 3000 kg load/10 mm ball

Brinell test Drawn and annealed

Hardness, Knoop 505 Estimated from Vickers,

Hardness, Rockwell A 74 Drawn and annealed

Hardness, Rockwell C 47 Drawn and annealed

Hardness, Vickers 480 Drawn and annealed

Tensile Strength, Yield 450 MPa

Rhenium (Annealed)

Hardness, Brinell 165 Converted from Vickers for 3000 kg load/10 mm ball

Brinell test

Hardness, Rockwell A 52 Converted from Vickers

Hardness, Rockwell B 85 Converted from Vickers

Hardness, Rockwell C 3 Value below normal HRC range, for comparison only

Hardness, Vickers 170

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 1070 MPa Value at 800°C is 620 MPa, Value at

1200°C is 410 MPa

Tensile Strength, Yield 290 MPa

Elongation at Break 15–25%

Modulus of Elasticity 469 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,296

Shear Modulus 176 GPa

Rhenium (Deformed)

Hardness, Brinell 500 Converted from Vickers for 3000 kg load/10 mm ball

Brinell test

Hardness, Rockwell A 76 Converted from Vickers

Hardness, Rockwell C 50 Converted from Vickers

Hardness, Vickers 550 15% Cold-Worked

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 2100 MPa

Elongation at Break 1–3%

Modulus of Elasticity 460 GPa

Osmium (Annealed)

Hardness, Brinell 293 Converted from Vickers for 3000 kg load/10 mm ball

Brinell test

Hardness, Rockwell A 66 Converted from Vickers

Hardness, Rockwell C 30 Converted from Vickers

Hardness, Vickers 300

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 1000 MPa

Modulus of Elasticity 560 GPa

Osmium (Cold-Worked)

Hardness, Brinell 580 Converted from Vickers for 3000 kg load/10 mm ball

Brinell test

Hardness, Rockwell A 80

Hardness, Rockwell C 57

Hardness, Vickers 670

Osmium (Arc-Melted)

Hardness, Brinell 722 Converted from Vickers for 3000 kg load/10 mm ball

Brinell test

Hardness, Knoop 822 Converted from Vickers

Hardness, Rockwell A 83,4 Converted from Vickers

Hardness, Rockwell C 64 Converted from Vickers

Hardness, Vickers 800

Iridium (Annealed)

Hardness, Brinell 352 Converted from Vickers for 3000 kg load/10 mm ball

Brinell test

Hardness, Rockwell A 69

Hardness, Rockwell C 37

Hardness, Vickers 370

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 1000 MPa

Modulus of Elasticity 524 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,26

Shear Modulus 232 GPa Calculated

Iridium (Cold-Drawn)

Hardness, Brinell 565 Converted from Vickers for 3000 kg load/10 mm ball

Brinell test

Hardness, Rockwell A 80

Hardness, Rockwell C 56

Hardness, Vickers 650

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 2000 MPa

Platinum (CP Grade, Annealed)

Hardness, Vickers 40

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 125–165 MPa

Elongation at Break 35% in 50 mm

Modulus of Elasticity 171 GPa static in tension

Poisson's Ratio 0,39

Shear Modulus 62 GPa Calculated value

Platinum (CP Grade, Hard Drawn–50% Cold Worked)

Hardness, Knoop 103 Estimated from Vickers,

Hardness, Rockwell B 49 Estimated from Vickers,

Hardness, Vickers 90

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 205–240 MPa

Elongation at Break 1–3% in 50 mm

Modulus of Elasticity 156 GPa static in tension

Shear Modulus 56 GPa Calculated value

Platinum (Thermocouple Quality, Annealed)

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 143 MPa

Gold

Hardness, Vickers 25

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 120 MPa Annealed

Elongation at Break 30%

Modulus of Elasticity 77,2 GPa 60% Cold Worked

Poisson's Ratio 0,42

Shear Modulus 32 GPa 60% Cold Worked; Calculated Value

Thallium

Hardness, Brinell 2

Hardness, Vickers 2

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 7,5 MPa

Elongation at Break 40% in 125 mm

Lead

Hardness, Brinell 4,2 Cast

Hardness, Vickers 5

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 18 MPa

Modulus of Elasticity 14 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,42

Bismuth

Hardness, Brinell 7

Modulus of Elasticity 31,7 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,33

Shear Modulus 14 GPa Calculated

Thorium

Hardness, Vickers 35–114 References report a wide range of values

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 200 MPa

Tensile Strength, Yield 144 MPa 0,2% offset

Elongation at Break 34%

Modulus of Elasticity 73,1 GPa

Compressive Yield Strength 200 MPa Approximately equal to tensile

Bulk Modulus 57,7 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,27

Fatigue Strength 97 MPa reversed bend test endurance limit

Shear Modulus 28 GPa

Protactinium

Bulk Modulus 157 GPa

Uranium (Cast)

Hardness, Brinell 185 Converted from Vickers for 3000 kg load/10 mm ball

Brinell test Unspecified heat treatment

Hardness, Rockwell A 55 Unspecified heat treatment

Hardness, Rockwell B 90 Unspecified heat treatment

Hardness, Rockwell C 10 Unspecified heat treatment

Hardness, Vickers 190 Unspecified heat treatment

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 400 MPa

Tensile Strength, Yield 200 MPa

Elongation at Break 4%

Modulus of Elasticity 190 GPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,22

Shear Modulus 86 GPa Calculated

Uranium (Beta-Annealed)

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 615 MPa

Uranium (Wrought ? Phase)

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 1150 MPa

Tensile Strength, Yield 740 MPa

Elongation at Break 14%

Neptunium

Hardness, Vickers 346

Bulk Modulus 118 GPa

Shear Modulus 80 GPa

Plutonium

Hardness, Brinell 242 Converted from Vickers for 3000 kg load/10 mm ball

Brinell test

Hardness, Rockwell A 62

Hardness, Rockwell C 22

Hardness, Vickers 250

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 400 MPa Cast ?

Tensile Strength, Yield 275 MPa Cast ?

Elongation at Break 0,2–0,5% Cast ?

Modulus of Elasticity 96,5 GPa Cast

Compressive Yield Strength 415 MPa

Ultimate Compressive Strength 830 MPa

Poisson's Ratio 0,15–0,21

Fatigue Strength 90 MPa 100,000,000 cycles, rotating beam

Shear Modulus 45 GPa

Americium

Bulk Modulus 45 GPa

Curium

Bulk Modulus 37 GPa

Berkelium

Bulk Modulus 52 GPa

Californium

Bulk Modulus 50 GPa

Einsteinium

Bulk Modulus 15 GPa Estimated

Fermium

Bulk Modulus 15 GPa Estimated

Mineral Hardness (by Mohs) from

Г. В. Самсонов. Справочник "Свойства элементов".В 2 т. Москва, 1976 г.

|Symb|Mohs|

|ol |HM |

|Li |0,6 |

|Be |5,5 |

|B |9,3 |

|Diam|10 |

|ond | |

|(С) | |

|Na |0,5 |

|Mg |2,5 |

|Al |2,75|

|Si |6,5 |

|S |2 |

|K |0,4 |

|Ca |1,75|

|Ti |6 |

|V |7 |

|Cr |8,5 |

|Symb|Mohs|

|ol |HM |

|Mn |6 |

|Fe |4 |

|Co |5 |

|Ni |4 |

|Cu |3 |

|Zn |2,5 |

|Ga |1,5 |

|Ge |6 |

|As |3,5 |

|Se |2 |

|Rb |0,3 |

|Sr |1,5 |

|Zr |5 |

|Nb |6 |

|Mo |5,5 |

|Ru |6,5 |

|Rh |6 |

|Pd |4,75|

|Ag |2,5 |

|Cd |2 |

|In |1,2 |

|Sn |1,5 |

|Sb |3 |

|Te |2,25|

|Cs |0,2 |

|Ba |1,25|

|La |2,5 |

|Ce |2,5 |

|Hf |5,5 |

|Ta |6,5 |

|W |7,5 |

|Re |7 |

|Os |7 |

|Ir |6,5 |

|Pt |3,5 |

|Au |2,5 |

|Tl |1,2 |

|Pb |1,5 |

|Bi |2,25|

|Th |3 |

|U |6 |

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