Pipeline transport of Russia. Transneft
Pipeline transport of Russia. Transneft
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ
ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ
ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
НОВГОРОДСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
ИМЕНИ ЯРОСЛАВА МУДРОГО
ИНСТИТУТ ЭКОНОМИКИ И УПРАВЛЕНИЯ
КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ
Реферат
по дисциплине «Английский язык»
Pipeline transport
of Russia. Transneft.Трубопроводный транспорт России. Транснефть.
Проверила:
Преподаватель
Лебедева
Е.А.
Выполнил:
Студент гр.2233
Новиков О.М.
·
Великий Новгород
·
2007 г.
Содержание
1. Введение.…………………………………………………………………….…2
2. Pipeline transport of Russia. Transneft…………………………………….……3
2.1 History of pipeline transport of Russia…………………………………….…..3
2.2 Provision of environmental safety
of the Baltic Pipeline System……………..8
3. Трубопроводный транспорт России. Транснефть………………………….11
3.1 История трубопроводного транспорта
России……………………………11
3.2 Обеспечение экологической безопасности
Балтийской трубопроводной системы…………………………………………………………………………..17
4. Заключение……………………………………………………………………22
5. Glossary………………………………………………………………………..23
6. Библиографический список……………………………………………….…24
Введение
Магистральный трубопроводный
транспорт – важнейшая и неотъемлемая составляющая топливно-энергетического комплекса
России. В стране создана разветвленная сеть магистральных газо-, нефте- и продуктопроводов,
которые проходят по территории практически всех субъектов Федерации.
Системы трубопроводного
транспорта – это тот рычаг, который позволяет государству регулировать поставки
нефтепродуктов на внутренний и внешний рынки. Экспорт газа, нефти и нефтепродуктов
в основном осуществляется трубопроводным транспортом, в том числе через морские
терминалы. Морские терминалы в Новороссийске и Туапсе могут обеспечить вывоз сырой
нефти в объеме 45 млн тонн в год. Степенью надежности трубопроводов во многом определяется
стабильность обеспечения регионов России важнейшими топливно-энергетическими ресурсами.
Российские трубопроводные системы наиболее активно развивались в 60-80-е годы. В
настоящее время 35 % трубопроводов эксплуатируется более 20 лет, что требует повышенного
внимания к их эксплуатационной надежности и технической безопасности
.
History of pipeline transport of Russia
After the war, the intensive
growth of oil production in the Volga and Urals region and in the new regions demanded
the soonest development of transport communications. Already in the fourth five-year-plan
period, new oil pipelines were built. One of them became the Tujmazy – Ufa (Naryshevo)
– Ufa cracking plant. The decision on the start of construction was adopted by the
former USSR Council of People’s Commissars on January 7, 1946. The Tsentr-Spetsprojekt
Institute designed in 1946 a 350 mm in diameter and 182.8 km long pipeline with
a throughput capacity 2 million tons a year and a growth option of up to 3 million
tons. The construction was entrusted to the Central Department of the USSR People’s
Commissariat for Internal Affairs, which was later reorganized into Glavneftegazstroj
(Central Committee for Oil and Gas Construction) of the USSR Council of Ministers.
Preparation of the pipeline
route was started on April 10, 1946 near the Subkhankulovo village. Construction
works were implemented by the Vostoknefteprovodstroj Trust, assemblage works – by
the Construction-Assemblage Department No. 74 of the Glavneftegazstroj Trust No.
7, in-water crossings – by the Wet Excavations Department (EPRON).
This construction was vitally
important at that period and employed over 20 thousand people. In two summer months
of 1946 they succeeded in digging a 137 km long trench, which was ¾ of the
route total length. Nearly all linear parts of the pipeline were built by hand:
ground works, welding of pipes, laying of the anticorrosive bitumen-based coating.
The pipes were laid down by cranes and tripods, but more often were slid down to
the trench bottom by means of wooden heavers (levers). Simultaneously with that,
the oil pump stations and houses were built in the Naryshevo and Subkhankulovo villages.
The first foundation pit was dug on July 6, 1946, near the Subkhankulovo village
and on August 23, 1946, the foundations of the diesel pump station and a housing
block were laid down.
Some of the areas began to
be filled with water and compacted in May 1947, and the pipeline molding was completed
in August with the start of operations of the Naryshevo station equipped with NG-30/320
piston pumps and with 260 kW motor drives. In the molding process, 44 pipeline breakings
were discovered, which was explained by low-quality pipes supplied by the Chelyabinsk
pipe-rolling plant. By pumping oil into the pipeline, they gradually forced out
the water pressure. The first batch of the Tujmazy Devonian oil arrived at the Ufa
cracking plant on September 3, 1947, which marked the start date of its regular
supplies. This day is considered a birthday of the system of the Ural-Siberian oil
and oil products trunk pipelines. In 1949, the 300 mm diameter and 133 km long Tujmazy-Buguruslan
pipeline was laid down. Other shorter pipelines were also built: Assake-Vakovsky,
Majli-Assake, Kumdag-Vyshka in Middle Asia; Vojvozh-Ukhta in the North and in the
Saratov and Kujbyshev regions. The Turmen oil outputs were steadily rising, and
the railroad could not cope with them. It was needed to prolong the Kumdag-Vyshka
oil pipeline to Krasnovodsk, and in 1947-1949 a nearly 180 km long Vyshka-Krasnovodsk
pipeline was built.
In early ’50s, oil production
in the Romashkinsky field surpassed expectations of the prospectors. The oil-field
workers hardly had any time to construct field facilities, stock oil tanks and oil-gathering
stations, and to lay down field pipeline communications. The oil flow literally
overfilled the area between the Sheshma and Stepnoj Zaj rivers. The available pipelines
could hardly pump oil, which had put to the surface the question of construction
of branches of the Almetjevsk-Karabash, Karabash-Romashkino, Karabash-Bavly and
Romashkino-Shugury- Klyavlino pipelines. Besides, it was decided to lay down and
additional Almetjevsk-Minnibajevo-Romashkino pipeline with an intermediary oil-pumping
station in Minnibajevo. However, the temporary oil transfer scheme “field - pipeline
- railroad (or river) – consumer” already could not solve all the problems. The
burgeoning oil volumes could not be transferred by the railroad or river transport.
The very principle of oil
transfer required radical changes: to start construction of trunk pipelines which
were capable of linking the fields with the oil consumers – refineries or petrochemical
combines. By the order of the USSR Oil Minister, the Directorate of Trunk Pipelines
to be built in Tataria territory was launched in March 1953 in Bugulma. It was supervised
by the Central Commodity-Transport Department of the Oil Ministry, which allowed
to drastically accelerate the construction tempos of the new subsoil pipelines.
In 1946-50, the foundation
was laid for launching of the USSR pipeline system, which was capable of connecting
the basic oil production and refine stations with the basic consumption areas. By
1950, the total length of the oil pipelines was around 5,400 km, and by late 1955,
it nearly doubled and was over 10,000 km. In five years, the number of commissioned
pipelines became equal with the number of pipelines built in the 1878-1950 period.
In the fifth five-year-plan period, the largest Tujmazy – Omsk, 530 mm, 1,332 km
long pipeline (this diameter pipes were used for the first time) and the Ufa-Omsk
oil products pipeline, 350 mm, 1,180 km long, were built.
In accordance with the USSR
Council of Ministers Resolution of May 25, 1949, and the Order of the Oil Minister
of May 31, 1949, the All-Union Tsentrspetsstrojprojekt Trust had developed a project
for construction of the second Tujmazy-Ufa oil pipeline. Construction of the oil
pipeline was implemented in several phases. It was planned to prolong the 350 mm
pipeline and to raise the two pipelines throughput capacity up to 4 million tons,
then to build an intermediary oil pumping station in Yazykovo, and having boosted
the pipeline throughput capacity up to 5 million tons and used the intermediary
station for the two pipelines, to reach a throughput capacity of 6 million tons
a year.
The General Contractor for construction of the second Tujmazy-Ufa oil pipeline was
the Vostoknefteprovodstroj Trust. Construction and assemblage works were mechanized:
ground works were made by excavators and bulldozers, welding – by pressure-gas machines;
the pipes were mechanically cleaned from rust and dirt, the anticorrosive insulation
was applied by the insulation machines. The second pipeline was laid down in the
trench of the first, which allowed to commission the pipeline by separate segments
which played the roles of the first pipeline loopings.
The Tujmazy - Ufa-2 pipeline
was commissioned in late September 1950.
In the first phase, pumping
along the Tujmazy – Ufa pipeline was made by the Subkhankulovo diesel pump station.
In 1951, the electric pump station equipped with three AYAP-150 pumps were commissioned.
A full throughput capacity was reached after the commissioning in 1954 of the pump
station in the Yazykovo intermediary station equipped with four NT-45 pistol pumps
powered by the Scoda 6S-350 diesel motor drives.
The Resolutions of the USSR
Council of Ministers of June 30, 1947 and February 25, 1948 allowed the construction
of the Ufa-Omsk 350 mm oil products trunk pipeline.
In 1949, a Department for
construction of a gasoline line was launched at the Central Department for Oil Marketing
of the USSR Oil Ministry. Construction of the products pipeline was implemented
by Vostoknefteprovodstroj, Nefteprovodmontazh (Ufa) and Benzinoprovodstroj (Chelyabinsk).
The Ufa – Chelyabinsk segment was constructed basically by hand, as that period
construction equipment was not adapted for mining works.
In August 1951, a temporary
pump station in Ufa, a segment of the products pipeline from Ufa to Berdjaush (Chelyabinsk
region) and the Berdjaush filling station with a platform for simultaneous filling
up of eight tetra-axial RVS-2000 tanks and a pump-filling station with two 5NDV
pumps were commissioned, accompanied in December 1951 by construction of a head
station in Ufa with a pump station equipped with 8МB9х2 pumping units and
ЗV200х2 support stations with a goods park of 14 RVS-4600 tankers made
of unkilled steel. At the same time, the Berdjaush – Sineglazovo segment and the
Sineglazovo station with a filling platform, pump station and three 8NDV and 12
RVS-4600 units made of unkilled steel were commissioned. The product pipeline segment
till Petropavlovsk was put into operation in 1953 together with an intermediary
Kropachevo station and a filling Petropavlovsk station with a gallery-type platform,
a pump station with two 8NDV units and a 6 tanker RVS-3200 and RVS-2000 park.
Construction of the linear
part of the products pipeline (1176 km) was totally completed in 1954.
The intermediary Petropavlovsk
pump station equipped with five NТ-45 pumps
with the Scoda 65-350 diesel motor drives were commissioned in 1956. This pipeline
throughput capacity reached its planned value of 2 million tons. By decision of
the USSR Government, it was planned to boost this pipeline throughput capacity up
to 3.9 million tons a year in the Ufa – Chelyabinsk segment and up to 3.5 million
in the Chelybinsk – Omsk segment. To achieve this, pump stations were built: in
1957 – Asha and Travniki; in 1959 – Khokhly and Suslove; in 1960 - Isil-Kul. Commissioning
of these stations marked a round-up of the total projected construction complex
of the first Ufa – Omsk products pipeline. In late ’40s - early ’50s several oil
fields of the Tujmazy and Ishimbaj type were prospected and partially explored.
This was followed by a decision
on construction of the Tujmazy – Omsk oil pipeline, its project was endorsed by
the USR Council of Ministers Resolution of March 28, 1951. The route went parallelly
to the first Tujmazy – Ufa pipeline and the Ufa –Omsk products pipeline. Construction
of an oil pipeline was commenced in February 1952. In winter period, only welding
of pipes at the stationary plants was performed, and in May ground and insulation
works had a good start.
On December 30, 1952, the
Naryshevo – Subkhankulovo (127 km) and an experimental pump station at Node No.
1 of the head constructions in Subkhankulovo were put into operation, and the newly
manufactured 8ND10х5 pumps were tried.
The segment was looped to the first and second Tujmazy – Ufa oil pipelines.
In November 1954, the commission
accepted a segment of the Tujmazy – Omsk pipeline (127 - 261 km), the Cherkassy
oil pump station and a 350 mm dam form the head (Ufa) oil products pump station
to the Cherkassy oil pump station.
In the same period, small
length pipelines were built: Shkapovo - Ishimbaj, Almetjevsk - Kujbyshev, Bavly
- Kujbyshev, Karabash - Bavly, Kujbyshev - Saratov, Vyshka - Krasnovodsk (second
line), Pokrovsky - Syzran, Minnibajevo - Bavly, Romashkino - Klyavlino, Buguruslan
- Kujbyshev, Ozek - Suat – Grozny, etc. The 144 km long Ozek - Suat – Grozny pipeline
was commissioned in 1955. This was the first Soviet “hot” pipeline for pumping of
high-viscosity heated oil.
As of January 1, 1957 (40th
anniversary of the Great October Revolution), 11,500 km of trunk pipelines with
101 pump stations were operated.
Year 1957 saw the start of
construction of the Trans-Siberian 720 mm, 3,662 km long Tujmazy – Irkutsk oil pipeline.
The pipeline was constructed in two phases: Tujmazy - Omsk (1332 km); Omsk - Novosibirsk
- Irkutsk (1639 km).
The first two segments of
this pipeline were commissioned in 1959. In the same year, construction works on
the second 530 mm, 1083 km long Ufa – Omsk oil pipeline were completed. In 1956,
the 530 mm, 110 km long Almetjevsk – Aznakajevo – Subkhankulovo oil pipeline was
constructed. It brought the Almetjevsk oil to Subhankulovo and further on to the
Tujmazy – Omsk – Novosibirsk trunk pipeline. Before the end of construction of the
530 mm, 579 km long Almetjevsk – Gorky pipeline, oil was pumped along the first
segment up to Chistopolsky quay on the Kama river. Then it was loaded on the tankers
and delivered to the Gorky and Yaroslavl refineries. When the pipeline was commissioned,
water shipments had been noticeably reduced.
In the sixth five-year-plan
period, the 350 mm, 446 km long Almetjevsk – Perm and not very long Mukhanovo –
Kujbyshev, Serny Vody - Krotovka, Chekmagush - Ufa (later part of the Ufa Kambarka
product pipeline), Kaltasy -Ufa, Almetjevsk - Subkhankulovo - Orsk, Zhirnoje - Volgograd,
Krotovka - Kujbyshev, Shkapovo - Subkhankulovo, Cheleken - Belek, Belek – Krasnovodsk
pipelines were constructed.
In the sixth five-year-plan
period the already known Astrakhan – Urbakh – Saratov product pipeline received
a new life. It became an oil pipeline and changed its pumping orientation. The development
of oil refine industry in the eastern region has removed the demand in the oil product
supplies to these regions, and the pipeline load went down to 30 %. Upon commissioning
of the Kujbyshev – Saratov pipeline, a 49 km long branch was built to connect it
with the Urbakh pump station, which transferred oil to the southern plants. This
pipeline further exploitation had demonstrated its high reliability and allowed
to unload the railroad transport. The 65 km long Urbakh – Saratov segment was now
used for pumping of the Stepanovsky field oil.
In 1959, the Council for Mutual
Economic Assistance (SEV) adopted a decision on construction of a unique trunk pipeline
from the USSR into Poland, Czechoslovakia, GDR and Hungary. The total length of
this pipeline with all of its branches exceeded 6,000 km. It started in the Kujbyshev
region (Lopatino pump station) and segmented into two parts near Mozyr in Belarus.
Its northern 700 km long segment went across Poland to GDR, its southern 400 km
long segment – across Czechoslovakia into Hungary. It was planned to build one more
branch to the Ventspils port. Each country was to supply all necessary construction
materials, machinery and equipment. All construction works were mechanized. Over
730 thousand tons of 530, 630, 720, 820 and 1020 mm pipes were laid. 31 pump stations
with the fully automated controls were built to ensure normal functioning of the
pipeline.
In 1962, first oil was brought
by this pipeline to Czechoslovakia, in September 1963 – to Hungary, and in November
1963 – to Poland, and, in December the same year – to GDR. The whole of the pipeline
was put into operation in October 1964. Its route crossed the mountain ranges and
navigable rivers – the Volga, Dnepr, Danube and Tisza. Oil from Tataria and the
Kujbushev region fields was the first to be pumped.
In the seventh five-year-plan
period, the last segment of the Tujmazy – Irkutsk oil pipeline was commissioned
in 1964. Construction of the 530 mm, 750 km long Penza – Bryansk product pipeline
was brought to completion, as well as construction of small length oil pipelines:
Gorky - Ryazan, Ozek - Suat – Grozny (second line), Kamenny Log - Perm, Almetjevsk
- Kujbushev, Ryazan – Moscow and others in 1961-65.
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